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Optimise Your Liquid Batching System: 5 Flow Meter Considerations

Titan Enterprises, a leading provider of flow metering solutions, have been designing and manufacturing accurate and reliable flow meters for batch control systems for over 40 years. Titan reports on the considerations required when choosing a flow measuring device for batching control.

Titan has published a white paper on the use of ultrasonic flowmeters in high-speed batching but here we focus on the general batching system. We discuss five key considerations when choosing a flow meter that will ensure your batching process runs smoothly.

Probably the most recognised batch filling system is that of beverages, either directly into a glass or into bottles. But batching systems are also integral to the pharmaceutical and medical, and chemical and oil industries.  Additive injection or chemical dosing are typical applications where flow meters are used to precisely control the amount of liquid dispensed, which is critical in such processes.

  1. Repeatability is essential for a productive batching process

Multiple uncertainties can change the amount of liquid being dispensed, causing a negative effect on the repeatability of the system. Controlling as many process variables as possible will help to ensure the accuracy and repeatability of flow measurement. Flowmeters, such as Titans’ mini turbines, can boast repeatability of 0.1% or better when operating under the same conditions.

  1. The physical properties of the batch-filled liquid will dictate equipment requirements

The choice of flowmeter may be limited by the properties of the liquid – whether it is viscous, volatile, corrosive, flammable, or contaminated with particles, for example. An oval gear flowmeter would be ideal for batch-dosing high-viscosity liquids such as syrups, whereas a turbine flow device, such as Titan’s 800-series flowmeters, are more appropriate for water and beer dispensing.

  1. Maintaining constant process conditions

Changes in flow rate, temperature and pressure may cause the flow meter to function in an unpredictable dynamic way. Although maintaining operating parameters at a stable point is optimal, this may not always be possible and fluctuating flow rates for example, can be compensated for by using a higher specification measuring device, such as Titans’ Atrato® ultrasonic flowmeter.

  1. Constant liquid flow or pulsations?

Keeping the overall flow constant and avoiding any pulsations within the batching system will prevent aliasing and incorrect flow readings over the batch operating cycle. If pulsation is inherent, the choice of flowmeter is crucial in mitigating the effects of pulsating flow.

  1. Limiting system inertia

Simple adjustments to the batch system design, such as control value specification and the positioning of the flow meter, can help to offset the effects of inertia.

Choosing the correct flow meter for a batch system can be complex and Titan Enterprises are happy to help you find the best flow meter solution for your process and plant.

For further information on Titan’s flowmeter and instrumentation range or to discuss any process and technical issues, please contact Titan Enterprises on +44 (0)1935 812790 or sales@flowmeters.co.uk. Visit our website at www.flowmeters.co.uk

______________________________________

Drawing upon over 40-years of flowmeter innovation – Titan Enterprises Ltd is a leading manufacturer of high-performance flow measurement solutions, including the Atrato ultrasonic flowmeter, Oval Gear flowmeters, low flow Turbine flow meters and a flow instrument range. Titan’s company philosophy of “pushing the envelope by trying to do things a little different and better” has resulted in sales of over 2 million flowmeters and components into 50 countries worldwide and a repeat purchase percentage of 95%. All flow meters produced by Titan Enterprises are designed and manufactured to ISO9001 and calibrated to an uncertainty of ±0.25%.

Quantum Design UK and Ireland launch a New Cryogenic Instrumentation Brochure

A quick glance at their extensive range of Cryogenic systems and accessories

Quantum Design UK and Ireland have recently compiled a Cryogenic instrumentation brochure to help you to choose the systems or accessories that best suit your research or application. QD-UKI know that their extensive range can be overwhelming, so the brochure is a quick glance at each product and its key specifications.

The brochure features products from QD-UKI partners, all leaders in their fields:

  • Lake Shore – Environment by Janis
  • Lake Shore Cryotronics
  • Montana Instruments
  • NanOsc
  • And… introducing our newest principal, Renaissance Scientific.

Renaissance Scientific Cryogenic Atomic Force Microscopes

Based on their innovative nanopositioner stages, Renaissance Scientific have brought to the market a solution for bringing AFM to the Cryo domain. With IR, Cantilever and Diamon NV Centre options, these solutions really are at the leading edge.

Renaissance Scientific has qualified the Quantum Design OptiCool for SPM, Ren-Sci will guarantee performance of their AFMs with the OptiCool.  Most liquid helium cryostats are compatible, though check with us to make sure.

 

Renaissance Scientific Cryogenic Nanopositioning Stages

A nanopositioner is a piezo driven motion stage that very commonly employs the slip-stick principle. Ranges of motion are typically millimeters (5, 15 and 20 mm travel options available). While minimum step sizes can be small (single nm are achievable).

The Ren-Sci motors were designed to have much lower capacitance than conventional solutions for cryogenic motors. Competitor motors run lower voltages (30-70V) and higher currents (10s of Amps). Ren-Sci chose to do the opposite; their voltages are 50-600 V and source only 100s of mA, reducing heat load.

 

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The partnerships between QDUKI and Lake Shore, Montana Instruments, NanOsc and now Renaissance Scientific, combine the knowledge and application expertise of these industry leaders in scientific measurement, characterisation, and test to deliver best-in-class solutions to the research community.

 

 

 

 

Perfect for measuring magnetic fields in a wide variety of applications, the new Lake Shore Cryotronics F71 and F41 teslameters with FP Series probes offer a new level of precision, convenience, and dependability.

 

 

 

We’d be happy to chat with you about your applications and areas of research. If you would like to find out more, please do not hesitate to get in touch with our dedicated technical experts here at QDUKI…

Contacts

Dr. Shayz Ikram

Technical Sales Director

  • QD Systems
  • Janis Cryostats

Email Shayz

Dr. Satyam Ladva

Technical Sales Manager

  • Lake Shore Temperature Products

Email Satyam

Dr. Luke Nicholls

Technical Sales Engineer

  • Montana Instruments Cryostats

Email Luke

OKW’s SMART-BOX IP-Rated Plastic Enclosures Now In Eight Sizes

OKW’s SMART-BOX IP-rated enclosures for industrial electronics are now available in eight sizes and with a wide range of customisation options.

Advanced SMART-BOX is ideal for wall-mount and desktop devices. Applications include HVAC, control and system engineering, safety technology, IoT/IIoT, Smart Factory, Industry 4.0 and gateways.

These contoured, ergonomic enclosures feature separate channels for the lid screws and mounting screws so they can be installed ‘lid closed’ – protecting the electronics and the pre-fitted sealing gasket. Hinged flush-fitting trims conceal all the screws, which are A2 stainless steel with high corrosion resistance.

The lid features a generous recess for a membrane keypad or product label. Two plastic lid-retaining straps safeguard the opened lid for installation and maintenance in challenging locations. Inside the lid and main body, there are internal fastening pillars for PCBs and DIN rails.

SMART-BOX is moulded from ASA+PC-FR (UL 94 V-0) for added UV stability. Its eight sizes range from 120 x 90 x 50 mm to 280 x 170 x 60 mm. Seven of the eight sizes (widths 90, 110, 130, 150) are rated IP 66; the eighth (width 170) is IP 65.

Accessories for SMART-BOX include pressure equalisation elements, cable grommets, security plugs, TPE non-slip case feet for desktop use, and self-tapping screws (including tamperproof Torx T10).

SMART-BOX can be specified fully customised. Services include CNC machining, printing or laser marking of legends and logos, decor foils, EMC shielding, installation and assembly of accessories.

For more information, view the OKW website:

https://www.okw.co.uk/en/Plastic-enclosures/Smart-Box.htm

OKW ENCLOSURES LTD

Tel. (01489) 583858

Email: sales@okw.co.uk

Full-metal ultrasonic sensing from ifm electronic

Wet environments coupled with aggressive chemical cleaning can  make  non-contact ultrasonic distance measurement and level sensing very challenging, full-metal ultrasonic sensors in the new UIT300 range from ifm electronic provide a convenient, durable and cost-effective solution. To ensure long life even in demanding environments, all exposed surfaces of these cylindrical M30 sensors, including the sensing face and the connector housing, are fabricated from high grade 316L stainless steel, which is highly resistant to corrosion.

UIT300-series ultrasonic sensors have a sensing range of 250 to 2,500 mm, with a 400 x 400 mm target. They incorporate an IO-Link interface which is used for configuration and to provide a continuous measurement of sensor-to-target distance with a resolution of 3 mm. Also available via IO-Link is an echo quality indication, which can be used as an aid for optimising the installation of the sensor and to monitor its performance while it is in service.

As well as the IO-Link interface, UIT300 sensors provide two conventional switching outputs which could be used, for example, to detect high and low liquid levels in a tank. The operating points for these outputs can be freely programmed by the user. Other models in the range are UIT301 sensors which have one switching output and one analogue 4-20 mA output, and UIT302 sensors with one switching output and one analogue 0-10 V output.

The operating temperature range for all UIT300-series sensors is -10 to + 60 ºC and they have an ingress protection rating of up to IP69K, which means that they are suitable for use in almost any industrial or process environment. Available accessories include mounting brackets and a full range of ready-terminated cables.

M12 cable connectors featuring K and L coding Designed for power applications in North America

Use in control cabinets for the North-American market requires specific testing and certification of the components. In the case of power applications, they are subject to the UL 2237 standard. binder’s 823 and 824 series of compact cable connectors have been developed according to this standard.

binder, a leading supplier of industrial circular connectors, introduces the 823 and 824 series of cable connectors that are intended for use on the North-American continent. The K- and L-coded M12 products particularly aim at power applications and feature screw clamp terminations. They meet the requirements of the industry-relevant protection degree IP67, i.e. they are designed to be dust-tight and protected against temporary submersion.

K and L coding for industrial power applications

In industrial automation, the transmission of high electrical power via compact M12 components has become a fundamental requirement. The K coding indicates 5-pin connectors that are particularly suitable for power supply in AC applications, such as drives or frequency converters, with up to 630 V(AC) and up to 12 A. DC compact drives, decentralized I/O modules and various other DC-powered automation components connected to fieldbus systems are among the target applications of the likewise 5-pin connectors with L coding. They are designed for rated voltages up to 63 V(DC) and for rated currents up to 16 A.

UL 2237 background

Electromechanical interfaces on control cabinets intended for the North-American market require approvals in accordance with the UL 2237 and UL 2238 standards. While UL 2238 specifies cable assemblies and connectors for signal transmission, UL 2237 sets additional requirements for the power segment – for example, for the power supply in drives. It contains specifications for testing connectors, cables and cable glands as well as safety elements. One of the special features of UL 2237 is the so-called Grounding (Bonding) Path Current Test: Depending on the connection cross-section, the protection earth (PE) path must withstand a current of 190 A (AWG 16) or 300 A (AWG 14) over a period of four seconds without breaking. For AC applications, a so-called abnormal overload test is also mandatory: a test with 1.5 times the rated current, which is considered to be passed if the PE path fuse does not blow.

823 and 824 series product details

The binder product series 823 and 824 include both male and female cable and angled connectors for rated voltages of 630 V(AC) at rated currents of 12 A (K-coding; pin count 4+PE) and 63 V(DC) at 16 A (L-coding; pin count 4+FE – functional earth), respectively. They feature M12x1 threads, 8-mm to 13-mm cable outlets and screw clamp terminals. In order to meet the requirements of UL 2237, the threaded ring is electrically connected to the PE contact. UL 2237 certification is currently being prepared.

About binder
binder is a family-owned business that is shaped by traditional values. Based in Neckarsulm, Germany, it is one of the leading specialists in the area of circular connectors. binder has been synonymous with the highest quality since 1960. We work with 45 distribution partners on five continents and employ 1,800 staff worldwide. The binder group is comprised of the binder headquarters, 16 affiliated companies, two systems providers and an Innovation and Technology Centre.

Company address:

Franz Binder GmbH & Co.
Elektrische Bauelemente KG

Roetelstrasse 27

D-74172 Neckarsulm/Germany

Tel. +49 (0) 7132 325-0

Fax +49 (0) 7132 325-150

info@binder-connector.de

www.binder-connector.de

PICO-ITX board offers 4K resolution for graphics suitable for Medical Imaging

Display Technology have just added the latest PICO-V2K4, to their embedded portfolio. Part of the AMD RYZEN™ V2000 embedded Processor family from AAEON has been designed to cater for Medical Imaging, Industrial Automation and Embedded Gaming. The new PICO board offers 4K resolution graphics through its dual LAN chip, 4 display ports, and on-board TPM.

AAEONs PICO-ITX range are known for their efficient performance and expansion options, designed to excel the range the new PICO-V2K4 not only offers AMD Radeon™ graphics and 7nm processing technology, but also rich expansion options, the PICO-V2K4’s M.2 2280 M-key allows applications to operate faster and enable greater system memory. With up to 32GB of LPDDR4x on board memory, the PICO-V2K4 can hit clock speeds of up to 3733 MHz while maintaining a low operating voltage.

Enhanced Medical Imaging

Up to 7 Compute Units, along with its edge AI inferencing capabilities, users have the potential to utilise AI in diagnostic imaging through object detection for x-rays and MRI scans.

In addition to this, its superior computing power can enhance the performance of remote medical diagnostic applications, allowing for safe and efficient treatment in the time of COVID-19.

Increased efficiency for Automated Industrial Applications

The PICO-V2K4 provides users with an unprecedented CPU performance through the AMD RYZEN V2718 or V2516 processor, featuring up to 8 cores, while maintaining a thermal design point range of 10~25W.

Add to this the PICO-V2K4’s 4 serial ports (RS232/422/485), up to 64GB NVMe storage, and an M.2 2280 M key port and it is easy to see its potential in automated manufacturing applications requiring power, sophistication, and expansion options for accessory modules.

Click here to view the new PICO-V2K4 board

About Display Technology

Established in 1996 as Display Solutions, later acquired by Display Technology in September 2018, the UK subsidiary of FORTEC Elektronik AG. Display Technology delivers the latest technical innovations in displays, touch screens and embedded computing backed by a market-leading service at every stage of the process, from initial consultation through to sample design, volume manufacturing and immediate-response after-sales support. The company’s dominant position within the UK, across all embedded computing market sectors, including industrial instrumentation and control, transportation, retail/point-of-sale, outdoor signage, medical, marine, audio and lighting control and energy management, has been achieved through a combination of application experience and innovation. For more information about Display Technology, please visit the website at: www.displaytechnology.co.uk.

Editorial Contact:

Emma Claridge, Display Technology Ltd

Tel: +44 (0) 1480 411600

Email: emma@displaytechnology.co.uk

Contact Details for Publication:

Tel: +44 (0) 1480 411600

Web: www.displaytechnology.co.uk

Email: info@displaytechnology.co.uk

OKW’s SMART-BOX IP-Rated Plastic Enclosures Now In Eight Sizes

OKW’s SMART-BOX IP-rated enclosures for industrial electronics are now available in eight sizes and with a wide range of customisation options.

Advanced SMART-BOX is ideal for wall-mount and desktop devices. Applications include HVAC, control and system engineering, safety technology, IoT/IIoT, Smart Factory, Industry 4.0 and gateways.

These contoured, ergonomic enclosures feature separate channels for the lid screws and mounting screws so they can be installed ‘lid closed’ – protecting the electronics and the pre-fitted sealing gasket. Hinged flush-fitting trims conceal all the screws, which are A2 stainless steel with high corrosion resistance.

The lid features a generous recess for a membrane keypad or product label. Two plastic lid-retaining straps safeguard the opened lid for installation and maintenance in challenging locations. Inside the lid and main body, there are internal fastening pillars for PCBs and DIN rails.

SMART-BOX is moulded from ASA+PC-FR (UL 94 V-0) for added UV stability. Its eight sizes range from 120 x 90 x 50 mm to 280 x 170 x 60 mm. Seven of the eight sizes (widths 90, 110, 130, 150) are rated IP 66; the eighth (width 170) is IP 65.

Accessories for SMART-BOX include pressure equalisation elements, cable grommets, security plugs, TPE non-slip case feet for desktop use, and self-tapping screws (including tamperproof Torx T10).

SMART-BOX can be specified fully customised. Services include CNC machining, printing or laser marking of legends and logos, decor foils, EMC shielding, installation and assembly of accessories.

For more information, view the OKW website:

https://www.okw.co.uk/en/Plastic-enclosures/Smart-Box.htm

OKW ENCLOSURES LTD

Tel. (01489) 583858

Email: sales@okw.co.uk

 

—————————————————————————————————————————

Editorial contact (not for print): Robert Cox

Email: robertc@okw.co.uk

Optimise Your Liquid Batching System: 5 Flow Meter Considerations

Titan Enterprises, a leading provider of flow metering solutions, have been designing and manufacturing accurate and reliable flow meters for batch control systems for over 40 years. Titan reports on the considerations required when choosing a flow measuring device for batching control.

Titan has published a white paper on the use of ultrasonic flowmeters in high-speed batching but here we focus on the general batching system. We discuss five key considerations when choosing a flow meter that will ensure your batching process runs smoothly.

Probably the most recognised batch filling system is that of beverages, either directly into a glass or into bottles. But batching systems are also integral to the pharmaceutical and medical, and chemical and oil industries.  Additive injection or chemical dosing are typical applications where flow meters are used to precisely control the amount of liquid dispensed, which is critical in such processes.

  1. Repeatability is essential for a productive batching process

Multiple uncertainties can change the amount of liquid being dispensed, causing a negative effect on the repeatability of the system. Controlling as many process variables as possible will help to ensure the accuracy and repeatability of flow measurement. Flowmeters, such as Titans’ mini turbines, can boast repeatability of 0.1% or better when operating under the same conditions.

  1. The physical properties of the batch-filled liquid will dictate equipment requirements

The choice of flowmeter may be limited by the properties of the liquid – whether it is viscous, volatile, corrosive, flammable, or contaminated with particles, for example. An oval gear flowmeter would be ideal for batch-dosing high-viscosity liquids such as syrups, whereas a turbine flow device, such as Titan’s 800-series flowmeters, are more appropriate for water and beer dispensing.

  1. Maintaining constant process conditions

Changes in flow rate, temperature and pressure may cause the flow meter to function in an unpredictable dynamic way. Although maintaining operating parameters at a stable point is optimal, this may not always be possible and fluctuating flow rates for example, can be compensated for by using a higher specification measuring device, such as Titans’ Atrato® ultrasonic flowmeter.

  1. Constant liquid flow or pulsations?

Keeping the overall flow constant and avoiding any pulsations within the batching system will prevent aliasing and incorrect flow readings over the batch operating cycle. If pulsation is inherent, the choice of flowmeter is crucial in mitigating the effects of pulsating flow.

  1. Limiting system inertia

Simple adjustments to the batch system design, such as control value specification and the positioning of the flow meter, can help to offset the effects of inertia.

Choosing the correct flow meter for a batch system can be complex and Titan Enterprises are happy to help you find the best flow meter solution for your process and plant.

For further information on Titan’s flowmeter and instrumentation range or to discuss any process and technical issues, please contact Titan Enterprises on +44 (0)1935 812790 or sales@flowmeters.co.uk. Visit our website at www.flowmeters.co.uk

Drawing upon over 40-years of flowmeter innovation – Titan Enterprises Ltd is a leading manufacturer of high-performance flow measurement solutions, including the Atrato ultrasonic flowmeter, Oval Gear flowmeters, low flow Turbine flow meters and a flow instrument range. Titan’s company philosophy of “pushing the envelope by trying to do things a little different and better” has resulted in sales of over 2 million flowmeters and components into 50 countries worldwide and a repeat purchase percentage of 95%. All flow meters produced by Titan Enterprises are designed and manufactured to ISO9001 and calibrated to an uncertainty of ±0.25%.

 

For more information please contact:

Mrs Samantha Hannay, Marketing Manager, Titan Enterprises

+44 (0)1935 812790 / samantha@flowmeters.co.uk

Interface Force has been supplying businesses with force, torque and pressure measurement sensors

For over 25 years Interface Force has been supplying businesses with force, torque and pressure measurement sensors, Interface Force has an extensive range of products to meet all customer requirements.

Established in 1996, Interface Force is based in Crowthorne, Berkshire and works throughout the UK.  A wide range of industry sectors and businesses benefit from the vast amount of expertise and experience Interface Force has at its disposal.  These sectors include automotive, aerospace, oil and gas, defence, education, renewable energy, pharmaceutical, food and drink and many more.

Interface’s engineers will  guide clients through what can be a difficult decision-making process, ensuring all requirements are met. All force, pressure and torque sensors and instrumentation products supplied by Interface Force are benchmark industry standards, manufactured by leading brands such as Interface Inc, AMTI, XSENSOR and GP:50.

As an internationally recognised brand, Interface Force’s range of products from multi-axis load cells, load buttons, load pins and supporting products enable them to offer the client a complete solution. These include multi-channel signal amplifiers, displays, data loggers and data logging software, Bluetooth and wireless telemetry systems for remote data collection and evaluation, repair and calibration services.

Interface Force supply high-quality products and have vast expertise in advising on load cell proving devices. Our load cells offer very high accuracy and come in many different configurations Each load cell is supplied with a NIST or ASTM E74 calibration with ISO-376 or UKAS also available.

Interface Force Measurements has always been strong in the supply of calibration grade load cells, with the 1600, Gold Standard being a particular favourite with National Calibration labs and calibration houses in the UK and around the world. The 1600s are supplied with locked-in calibration adaptors and ASTM E74 calibration (equivalent to ISO376) from just 4% of capacity as standard.

Another growing area of interest is in 3-axis and 6-axis load cells. Designed to measure force in X, Y and Z and the moments around those axes in the case of 6-axis load cells. These 3 and 6 axis devices can be used for applications as diverse as control stick design and testing rocket engine test stands or wave tank tests  Interface offers both 3 and 6 axis load cells in several form factors to suit such a wide range of applications. Multi-axis load cells will have multiple-output channels, so we also supply the multi-channel signal amplifiers required to provide the excitation voltage and multiple-output channels required by multi-axis load cells.  Models like the BSC-4 and BX-8 multi-channel amplifiers also offer USB output, data logging software and internal cross-talk correction, offering the complete multi-axis measurement solution.

Interface Force also distributes XSENSOR’s pressure mapping systems. These systems are used in the automotive, aerospace and bedding sectors or for any application that requires the measurement and display of pressure distribution between any two contacting surfaces.  XSENSOR’s innovative high-speed impact system is the first system to allow product designers and safety testing engineers to see, record and evaluate the distribution of force from high-speed impacts on safety equipment. Perfect for the automotive sector,   the HSI system can be used for collecting crash testing data or impact data in a way not seen before. It can record the force or pressure that’s distributed during impact from whiplash, seat belt and airbag testing. However, applications for this technology are not limited to the automotive sector but can be used in any impact testing application such as safety helmets or protective sports equipment.

Interface Force has long offered, services individual to each client’s requirements. The company works with the client offering advice pre and post-sale and develops bespoke custom solutions or devices to meet a client’s needs. Interface is using this experience to move into new directions, working with customers needing remote monitoring capability. A good example of this would be remote monitoring of airport luggage systems and conveyor belts. Interface’s R&D team developed a wireless multi-axis vibration sensor that’s specifically developed for a single customer. However, this product has multiple applications that can serve any business needing to remotely monitor its conveyor systems. Alongside this, we also offer custom-designed wireless load pins that replace existing components, enabling the customer to monitor load changes on the conveyor system. They can then schedule maintenance for the system when it’s not in use, rather than respond to a breakdown.

Lastly, we want to be the easiest company to do business with, so we have just launched our e-commerce site at store.interface.co.uk. Here you’ll be able to order the Interface G-series of mini, in-line and button load cells.  Our aim is to offer the shortest possible lead time with next business day delivery being the target.  The store displays current stock with orders being placed with a credit or debit card. These are early days for our e-commerce offering, but we will be expanding the range of products being offered.

Call for Papers on Water and Wastewater Monitoring

The WWEM conference and exhibition is currently looking for papers and posters for this years’ live event.

You can now submit an abstract for a presentation to be delivered at WWEM 2022 – the international conference on water, wastewater and environmental monitoring which will run on 12th and 13th October in Telford, UK.

All abstracts must present novel applications or techniques and must foreground technical concerns. Topics include: microplastics, smart sensors, data interpretation, waterbased epidemiology, PFAS, online and atline analysis. (For more suggestions, take a look at our Abstract Submission page.) Submissions will close on 1st July.

Over more than a decade, WWEM has cemented its reputation as the leading water monitoring conference and exhibition, becoming an essential event in the industry’s calendar. Before an international audience, WWEM will showcase the latest instruments and services for water and wastewater process monitoring from over 150 companies. Over two days, attendees will take their pick of 80 certified technical workshops on applications, regulations, and emerging technologies. Highly regarded by professionals throughout the water and wastewater sectors, WWEM 2022 promises to be a unique opportunity for dialogue between process operators, environmental managers, policymakers, researchers and regulators.

For updates on WWEM and other events, follow Envirotech Online.